Philip Morin Freneau[1] (January 2, 1752 – December 18, 1832) was an American poet, nationalist, polemicist, sea captain and newspaper editor sometimes called the “Poet of the American Revolution”. Through his newspaper, the National Gazette, he was a strong critic of George Washington.
Following his graduation, he tried his hand at teaching, but quickly gave it up. He also pursued a further study of theology, but gave this up as well after about two years. As the Revolutionary War approached in 1775, Freneau wrote a number of anti-British pieces. However, by 1776, Freneau left America for the West Indies, where he would spend time writing about the beauty of nature. In 1778, Freneau returned to America, and rejoined the patriotic cause. Freneau eventually became a crew member on a revolutionary privateer, and was captured in this capacity. He was held on a British prison ship for about six weeks. This unpleasant experience (in which he almost died), detailed in his work The British Prison Ship, would precipitate many more patriotic and anti-British writings throughout the revolution and after.[4] For this, he was named “The Poet of the American Revolution”.
In 1790 Freneau married Eleanor Forman, and became an assistant editor of the New York Daily Advertiser. Soon after, Madison and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson worked to get Freneau to move to Philadelphia in order to edit a partisan newspaper that would counter the Federalist newspaper The Gazette of the United States. Jefferson was criticized for hiring Freneau as a translator in the State Department, even though he spoke no foreign languages except French, in which Jefferson was already fluent. Freneau accepted this undemanding position, which left free time to head the Democratic-Republican newspaper Jefferson and Madison envisioned.
This partisan newspaper, The National Gazette, provided a vehicle for Jefferson, Madison, and others to promote criticism of the rival Federalists. The Gazette took particular aim at the policies promoted by Alexander Hamilton, and like other papers of the day, would not hesitate to shade into personal attacks, including President George Washington during his second term. Owing to The Gazette’s frequent attacks on his administration and himself, Washington took a particular dislike to Freneau.
The Following are Poems by Philip Freneau:
LORD DUNMORE’S PETITION TO THE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIAAnd known by the name of John, earl of Dunmore, Has again ventured over to visit your shore. The reason of this he begs leave to explain- So, hearing that most of you rebels were dead, And over we scudded, our hearts full of glee, Our shoe-boys, and tars, and the very cook’s mate Myself, the Don Quixote, and each of the crew, But now, to our sorrow, disgrace, and surprise, I have therefore to make you a modest request There are Eden, and Martin, and Franklin and Tryon, Though a brute and a dunce, like the rest of the clan, I missed it somehow in comparing my notes, Although with so many hard names I was branded, Give me lands, and dice, and you still may be free; I hope you will send me an answer straightway, *The Printer of the Royal Gazette. The End LORD DUNMORE’S PETITION TO THE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA |
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{EUTAW_SPRINGS Eutaw Springs AT Eutaw Springs the valiant died: If in this wreck of ruin, they Thou, who shalt trace this bloody plain, Stranger, their humble groves adorn; They saw their injured country’s woe, Led by thy conquering standards, Greene, But, like the Parthian, famed of old, Now rest in peace, our patriot band; |
{ON_BARNEYS_VICTORY_OVER_THE_SHIP On Barney’s Victory Over the Ship “General Monk” O’ER the waste of waters cruising, But, grown bold with long successes, “Lo! I see their van appearing- “Yonder comes the Charming Sally “Our eighteen guns, each a nine-pounder, Captain Barney then preparing, “Let who will be the survivor, With four nine-pounders and twelve sixes, Then yard-arm and yard-arm meeting, Captain Rogers strove to rally All aghast, and all confounded, Come, brave boys, and fill your glasses, |
{ON_A_TRAVELLING_SPECULATOR On A Travelling Speculator ON scent of game, from town to town he flew, With soothing words the widow’s mite he gained, I’ve Vast loads amassed of scrip, and who knows what; One Sunday morn, to church we saw him ride In cards and fun the livelong day they spent, Three weeks, and more, thus passed in airs of state, |
{THE_INDIAN_BURYING_GROUND The Indian Burying Ground IN spite of all the learned have said, Not so the ancients of these lands;- His imaged birds, and painted bowl, His bow for action ready bent, Thou, stranger, that shalt come this way, Here still a lofty rock remains, Here still an aged elm aspires, There oft a restless Indian queen By midnight moons, o’er moistening dews, And long shall timorous Fancy see |
{THE_WILD_HONEYSUCKLE The Wild Honeysuckle FAIR flower, that dost so comely grow, By Nature’s self in white arrayed, Smit with those charms, that must decay, From morning suns and evening dews MISCELLANEOUS POEMS |
{THE_PARTING_GLASS The Parting Glass THE man that joins in life’s career But, still, on this uncertain stage, In spite of all the mirth I’ve heard, With you, whom reason taught to think, The luckless wight, that still delays The nymph, who boasts no borrowed charms, With him, who always talks of gain With those that drink before they dine, The man, whose friendship is sincere, With him who quaffs his pot of ale, |
{ON_THE_RUINS_OF_A_COUNTRY_INN On The Ruins of a Country Inn WHERE now these mingled ruins lie No more this dome, by tempests torn, The Priestess of this ruined shrine, The friendly Host, whose social hand Old creeping Time, that brings decay, Is this the place where mirth and joy, Is this the place where festive song Is this the place where Nancy slept ‘Tis gone!-and Nancy tempts no more; Ye tyrant winds, whose ruffian blast Your wrath appeased, I pray be kind |
{TO_A_HONEY_BEE To a Honey Bee THOU, born to sip the lake or spring, Did storms harass or foes perplex, Welcome!- I hail you to my glass: What forced you here we cannot know, Yet take not, oh! too deep a drink, Do as you please, your will is mine; |
{DEATHS_EPITAPH Death’s Epitaph DEATH in this tomb his weary bones hath laid, Six thousand years has sovereign sway been Vast and unmatched throughout the world my fame Nor swords nor darts my prowess could withstand, Traveller, would’st thou his noblest trophies seek, The End |
PROLOGUE TO A COMEDYHave banished long the pleasures of the stage; From the gay painted scene compelled to part (Forgot the melting language of the heart), Constrained to shun the bold theatric show, To act long tragedies of real woe, Heroes, once more attend the comic muse; Forget our failings, and our faults excuse. In that fine language is our fable drest Which still unrivalled reigns o’er all the rest; Of foreign courts the study and the pride, Who to know this abandon all beside; Bold, though polite, and ever sure to please, Correct with grace, and elegant with ease, Soft from the lips its easy accents roll, Formed to delight and captivate the soul: In this Eugenia tells her easy lay, The brilliant work of courtly Beaumarchais: In this Racine, Voltaire, and Boileau sung, The noblest poets in the noblest tongue. If the soft story in our play expressed Can give a moment’s pleasure to your breast, To you, Great Sir! we must be proud to say That moment’s pleasure shall our pains repay. Returned from conquest and from glorious toils, From armies captured and unnumbered spoils; Ere yet again, with generous France allied, You rush to battle, humbling British pride; While arts of peace your kind protection share, O let the Muses claim an equal care. You bade us first our future greatness see, Inspired by you, we languished to be free; Even here where Freedom lately sat distrest See, a new Athens rising in the west! Fair science blooms where tyrants reigned before, Red war reluctant leaves our ravaged shore- Illustrious hero, may you live to see These new republics powerful, great, and free; Peace, heaven-born peace, o’er spacious regions spread, While discord, sinking, veils her ghastly head. PHILADELPHIA Dec., 1781. The End PROLOGUE TO A COMEDY |